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Kathleen Lonsdale
Dame Kathleen Lonsdale, DBE FRS (née Yardley, 28 January 1903 – 1 April 1971) was an Irish crystallographer who finally proved that the benzene ring was flat by X-ray diffraction methods in 1929. She was the first to use Fourier spectral methods while solving the structure of hexachlorobenzene in 1931. During her career she attained a number of firsts for a woman scientist, including one of the first two women elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 1945〔 (along with Marjory Stephenson), first woman tenured professor at University College London, first woman president of the International Union of Crystallography, and first woman president of the British Association for the Advancement of Science.〔 A lecture to mark the official opening of the Kathleen Lonsdale Building, University of Limerick.〕〔 Or see (alternative source ).〕〔 Derived from the ''Dictionary of Scientific Biography''.〕〔 An overview of the scope and content of the collection of Lonsdale's papers that are kept at University College London.〕〔 This article first appeared in ''The Irish Times'', 13 December 2001.〕
==Early life and education==
She was born Kathleen Yardley at Newbridge, County Kildare, Ireland, the tenth child of Harry Yardley, the town postmaster, and Jessie Cameron. Her family moved to Seven Kings, Essex, England, when she was five years old, her mother decided to relocate the family as a result of Harry's alcoholism. She studied at Woodford County High School for Girls, then transferred to Ilford County High School for Boys to study mathematics and science, because the girls' school did not offer these subjects.
She earned her Bachelor of Science degree from Bedford College for Women in 1922, graduating in physics with an MSc from University College London in 1924.
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